In Malawi, approximately 49 percent of the household population is under age 15. However, when the age structure of Malawi is examined by wealth quintile, the wealthy and the very poor have quite different age structures. Among the households in the wealthiest quintile, only 43 percent of the population is under age 15, reflecting a reduction in fertility in recent years (below 4 children per woman). When examining the age structure of the poorest quintile, approximately 53 percent of the household population is under age 15, reflecting both high levels of fertility (over 7 children per woman) and the need for investing large amounts in the health and education of this young population.